ABC-Certified Practitioner:Practitioners who successfully complete the education, experience and examination requirements prescribed by the American Board for Certification in Orthotics and Prosthetics Inc. (ABC), are conferred the titles of Certified Orthotist (CO) and Certified Prosthetist (CP). The title of Certified Prosthetist-Orthotist (CPO) is conferred to practitioners whose responsibility conform to those of both orthotist and prosthetist and who have successfully completed all requirements.
Abduction:The movement of a limb away from the median, or midline, of the body.
Above Elbow Prosthesis (AEP):A prosthesis utilized for acquired amputations or congenital absences of the hand, forearm and elbow, above the elbow.
Above Knee Prosthesis (AKP):A prosthesis utilized for acquired amputations or congenital absences of the foot, ankle, shin and thigh, above the knee joint level.
Accreditation:A determination by the American Board for Certification in Orthotics and Prosthetics Inc. that an eligible organization satisfactorily complies with all applicable standards.
Americans with Disabilities Act:Federal legislation passed in 1990 prohibiting discrimination on the basis of disability in employment, public services and accommodations, and telecommunications.
Ankle Orthosis (AO):A orthosis utilized for the treatment of disorders only involving the ankle.
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Ankle/Foot Orthosis (AFO):A orthosis utilized for the treatment of disorders of the ankle and foot below the knee joint.
Anterior:The front of the body.
AsthmaHyper-responsive airways manifested by a narrowing of the airway.
Bariatric ProductsDesigned to have a weight capacity of 300 pounds (or more) for those who need that extra support. Bariatric chairs maximize the patient’s ability to sit and stand with reduced effort, and lessens the chance of lifting injury to the caregiver.Bariatric beds have extra bracing integrated into the home care bed frame, along with a wider surface and truss assembly, in order to provide maximum support.
Below Elbow Prosthesis (BEP):A prosthesis utilized for acquired amputations or congenital absences of the hand or forearm below the elbow.
Below Knee Prosthesis (BKP):A prosthesis utilized for acquired amputations or congenital absences of the foot and ankle below the knee.
Bi-PAPA device that provides ventilation for patients by delivering air to the lungs at two levels of pressure, either cyclically in an anaesthetized patient or triggered by the patient’s attempts at breathing when awake.
Bili LightAlso known as phototherapy, used to help infants with jaundice, a yellow coloring of the skin and eyes related to abnormal liver function.
Bowden Cable Control:Prostheses controlled by utilizing gross shoulder and arm movements for the actuation and movement of a mechanical prosthetic component.
CaneAdjustable height canes can improve balance and reduce fatigue. Travel canes can fold up and be carried in a travel case. Standard crook canes are lightweight and durable to help improve balance and reduce fatigue . Quad canes are used when there is a need for additional stability. Quad canes have a base with four legs, affording greater stability than straight canes. Quad canes can be ordered with narrow or wide bases.
Cerebral Palsy:Any neuromuscular disability caused by lesions in the brain occurring before birth, at birth, or during infancy.
Certification:A determination by the American Board for Certification in Orthotics and Prosthetics Inc. that an eligible organization satisfactorily complies with all applicable patient management standards.
Cervical Orthosis (CO):A orthosis utilized for the treatment of disorders only involving the cervical spine.
Cervical/Thoracic Orthosis (CTO):A orthosis utilized for the treatment of disorders involving the cervical and/or thoracic spine.
Cervical/Thoracic/Lumbosacral Orthosis (CTLSO):A orthosis utilized for the treatment of disorders involving the cervical, thoracic and/or lumbosacral spine.
CHFHeart failure in which the heart is unable to maintain adequate circulation of blood in the tissues of the body or to pump out the venous blood returned to it by the venous circulation
Child/Junior WheelchairChildren and young adults need chairs that can accommodate their changing needs as they grow. In addition, it is important that wheelchairs for children or teens be adaptable to classroom environments and be “friendly looking” to help the user fit more readily into social situations. Manufacturers today are becoming increasingly sensitive to these market demands and are attempting to address them with innovative chair designs and a variety of “kid-oriented” colors and styles.
Circumduction:The circular motion of a limb that is created when the movements of flexion, extension, abduction, and adduction are sequentially performed.
Commode3-in-1 Commodes are adjustable and include back, pail w/lid, toilet seat, and cover. Some can be used as a free-standing commode or a raised toilet seat. Lift/commode is a FDA registered medical device, ideal for people with musculoskeletal or neuromuscular limitations. It is motorized and designed to operate as a lift system and as an adjustable height commode. It can be used as a bedside commode (helps reduce bedpan use) or as a transfer system to move a person from a bed to a seated or standing position.
Compression StockingProblems with the veins of the leg occur in both men and women of all ages but certain factors increase the risk of venous problems. Health conditions, lifestyle habits, heredity, injury, surgery, age, and pregnancy all play a role. A broad range of compression hosiery from knee, thigh high, waist chaps, open toe and closed toe are manufactured to meet your needs. For more information visit http://www.jobst-usa.com.
Continuing Education:Education and experiences beyond initial professional preparation that are relevant to the type of patient care delivered; providing current knowledge relevant to the individual’s discipline of practice.
Continuous Passive Motion (CPM)Devices are available for synovial joints (hip, knee, ankle, shoulder, elbow, wrist, and TMJ) following surgery or trauma (including fracture, infection, etc). The device moves the affected joint continuously on a 24-hour basis, without patient assistance. The device is held in place across the affected joint by Velcro straps. An electrical power unit is used to set the variable range of motion and speed. The speed and range of motion can be adjusted depending on joint stability, patient comfort level, and other factors assessed intraoperatively.
COPDA catch-all term for a number of respiratory diseases. The diseases of COPD include chronic bronchitis, pulmonary emphysema, asthma, and bronchiectasis (a chronic inflammatory or degenerative condition of one or more bronchi or bronchioles marked by dilatation and loss of elasticity of the walls).
CPAP One of the most common sleep disorders is sleep apnea – a disorder that causes a person’s airway to close several times during one night’s sleep. For those with sleep apnea, relief usually comes with continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP). Continuous Positive Airway Pressure (CPAP) devices deliver a prescribed level of positive pressure non-invasively to the upper airway for the treatment of sleep apnea. Extremely easy to use, CPAPs come with different features such as ramping to allow comfortable adjustment to the pressure; software to capture specific usage and breathing events; and automated altitude adjustment. Accessories, such as nasal interface applications and humidification devices are provided to afford maximum comfort to ensure patient compliance.
Credentialing:The verification of an individual’s education, training and experience from primary sources.
CrutchStandard adjustable crutches are lightweight and easily adjust to size. Forearm crutches have contoured arm cuffs for extra comfort and stability.
Custom Designed Orthoses:Orthoses which are custom made and designed from an anatomical positive model, specific anatomical measurements and/or contour drawings of the affected limb, torso or spine for the purpose of providing support and/or control of complex neuromuscular and/or musculoskeletal disorders.
Custom Designed Prosthesis:Prostheses are custom made from an anatomical positive model of an individual’s residual limb and in accordance with anatomical measurements of the sound limb.
Custom Fitted Orthoses:Orthoses which are pre-made in specific anatomical sizes and are modified and custom fitted to the effected limb or spine to control moderate or complex neuromuscular and/or musculoskeletal disorders.
CylinderAvailable in various sizes. Carrying cases or carts are used for the different size tanksM2 – Weighs less than 2 pounds and only 7.9 inches in length, this extremely lightweight, compact medical oxygen cylinder is the perfect solution for anyone who needs a convenient, easily transportable medical oxygen supply for a short amount of time. This cylinder is the smallest aluminum oxygen cylinder in the world yet can supply up to 2 hours of oxygen.M4 – medical oxygen cylinder is a great solution for anyone who needs a convenient, easily transportable medical oxygen supply for a short amount of time. This cylinder weighs under 3 pounds and is only 12 inches in length. This cylinder can supply up to 7 hours of oxygen.M6 – extremely popular medical oxygen cylinder is the perfect balance between portability and oxygen supply duration. The M6 cylinder is less than 15 inches in length and weighs only 3 pounds and can supply up to 10 hours of oxygen.ML6 – Similar to the M6 cylinder, the ML6 is a great balance between portability and oxygen supply duration. This cylinder weighs under 4 pounds and is shorter and wider than the M6 cylinder. This cylinder can provide up to 10 hours of oxygen.M9 – a popular cylinder is a great balance between portability and oxygen supply duration. The M9 is less than 16 inches in length and weighs only 4.5 pounds yet can supply up to 14 hours of oxygen.
Cystic Fibrosis (CF)A life-threatening disorder that causes severe lung damage and nutritional deficiencies. CF is an inherited (genetic) condition affecting the cells that produce mucus, sweat, saliva and digestive juices. Normally, these secretions are thin and slippery, but in CF, a defective gene causes the secretions to become thick and sticky. Instead of acting as a lubricant, the secretions plug up tubes, ducts, and passageways, especially in the pancreas and lungs. Respiratory failure is the most dangerous consequence of CF. Each year approximately 3,200 white babies are born in the United States with CF. The disease is much less common among black and Asian-American children. Most babies born with CF are diagnosed by age 3, although mild forms of the disease may not be detected until the third, fourth, or fifth decade of life. In all, about 30,000 American adults and children are living with the disorder. Although there’s still no cure, the emerging field of gene therapy may someday help correct lung problems in people with CF.
DiabetesDisease in which blood glucose levels are above normalType 1 diabetes: diabetes of a form that usually develops during childhood or adolescence and is characterized by a severe deficiency of insulin secretion resulting from atrophy of the islets of Langerhans and causing hyperglycemia and a marked tendency toward ketoacidosis — called also insulin-dependent diabetes, insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, juvenile diabetes, juvenile-onset diabetes, type 1 diabetes mellitusType 2 diabetes: a common form that develops especially in adults and most often in obese individuals and that is characterized by hyperglycemia resulting from impaired insulin utilization coupled with the body’s inability to compensate with increased insulin production — called also adult-onset diabetes, late-onset diabetes, maturity-onset diabetes, non-insulin-dependent diabetes, non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, type 2 diabetes mellitus
Diabetic SuppliesBlood glucose monitoring – there are a variety of systems available that allow testing on arms, fingers or thighs, with fast and accurate results and minimal cleaning required.
Diplegia:Paralysis of all for extremities, with the lower extremities more severely involved than the upper extremities.
Distal:A structure that is located farther away from the attached end of a limb.
Dorsal Surface:The top of the foot and the back of the hand.
Dorsiflexion:Bending the wrist so the dorsal surface of the hand points toward the forearm; bending the ankle so the foot points upward.
Dual Control:A split or dual bowden cable and housing system used for actuation of a single component or control action.
Edema:An excessive accumulation of fluid in the tissue spaces; commonly known as swelling.
Elbow Disarticulation Prosthesis (EDP):A prosthesis utilized for acquired amputations or congenital absences of the hand or forearm through the elbow joint.
Elbow Orthosis (EO):A orthosis utilized for the treatment of disorders only involving the elbow.
Elbow/Wrist/Hand Orthosis (EWHO):A orthosis utilized for the treatment of disorders of the elbow, wrist, hand, and/or fingers below the shoulder joint.
Electric Powered Component:An electric powered elbow, wrist, hand, or hook component utilized to provide controlled positioning for functional use in the design of a prostheses.
EMG – Electromyogram:The monitoring or assessment of electrical impulses that are released during voluntary or involuntary muscle contractions of muscles.
Endoskeletal Prosthesis:Prostheses designed with an internal supporting structural components.
Environmental Control UnitPermit remote control of electronic devices in the immediate surroundings. A person can independently turn lights, radio, and television on and off, answer or initiate phone calls, and unlock a door. Essentially any aspect of the environment can be controlled depending upon the system’s complexity. For more information and products visit http://www.makoa.org/ecu.htm.
Eversion:The outward rotation of the plantar surface, or sole, of the foot so that it faces away from the median, or midline, of the body.
Exoskeletal Prostheses:Prostheses designed with a rigid external supporting structural shell.
Extension:The act of straightening a limb at a joint.
Fabric or Neoprene Orthoses:Orthoses fabricated of cloth fabrics or neoprene as the primary materials in the design of the device.
Facility:Applies to the professional office which a practitioner uses as a base to provide orthotic and/or prosthetic patient care.
Facio-Scapulo-Humeral Muscular Dystrophy:The second most common type of muscular dystrophy; it usually occurs in adolescent females and males, and is not as disabling as the childhood type.
Flexion:The act of bending a limb at a joint, thus forming an angle.
Foot Orthosis (FO):A orthosis utilized for the treatment of disorders of the foot below the ankle joint.
Genu Recurvatum:Condition in which the knee is hyperextended.
Genu Valgum:Commonly known as knock-knee.
Genu Varum:Commonly known as bowlegs.
Glossary of O&P; Terms Home Patient Resources GlosPertains to the nerves and the muscles.
Hand Orthosis (HO):A orthosis utilized for the treatment of disorders of the hand and/or fingers below the wrist joint.
Helios Portable Oxygen System and ReservoirSmall, lightweight, and long-lasting, encourages an active lifestyle for long-term oxygen therapy patients. No tubes, heavy canisters or batteries are required. The system is also extremely economical. Its pneumatic oxygen conserving device gives it a conservation ratio over continuous flow oxygen of approximately 4:1. This provides up to 10 hours of use at a setting of 2. The portable unit can be refilled in about 40 seconds from the home reservoir, which typically lasts four to six weeks between refills.
Hemipelvectomy Prosthesis (HP):A prosthesis utilized for acquired amputations or congenital absences of the complete leg involving the foot, ankle, shin, thigh, hip, and pelvis.
Hemiplegia:Paralysis of one-half of the body, specifically the upper and lower extremities on the same side, and half the trunk of the body.
Hepatitis C HCVAn inflammation of the liver causing soreness and swelling. It is the most common chronic blood-borne infection in the United States. The hepatitis C virus usually is transmitted through contact with infected blood, most commonly by sharing needles during intravenous drug use, or getting a blood transfusion before 1992. Hepatitis C also may be spread through unprotected sexual intercourse, but this is uncommon. Most people don’t feel sick when they are first infected with hepatitis C. Instead, the virus stays in their liver and causes chronic liver inflammation.
Hip Disarticulation Prosthesis (HDP):A prosthesis utilized for acquired amputations or congenital absences of the complete leg involving the foot, ankle, shin and thigh at the hip joint level.
Hip Orthosis (HO):A orthosis utilized for the treatment of disorders only involving the hip.
Hip/Knee/Ankle/Foot Orthosis (HKAFO):A orthosis utilized for the treatment of disorders of the hip, knee, ankle, and foot.
Hospital BedAllows for positioning and safety not possible with standard beds. There are basically three (3) types of hospital beds available for home use: Semi-Electric Beds – allow for raising and lowering the head and the knee break through the use of an automatic hand-held control. Raising the entire bed height is accomplished through use of a manual crank. Manual Beds – allow for raising and lowering the head of the bed and the knee break through the use of a manual crank. Full or half-side rails are available. Full-Electric Beds – allow for the raising and lowering functions of the head and knee break, and the entire bed height adjustment is operated by a hand-held control.
Hybrid Components:A blend of mechanical, electric powered, and/or passive-mechanical, shoulder, elbow, wrist, hand and/or hook components utilized in the design of the prostheses.
Hybrid Control:Prosthetic control techniques involving any combination of bowden cable, switch and/or myoelectric control methods for the actuation and movement of a mechanical or electric powered prosthesis.
Hybrid Design Concepts:Prosthetic design concepts, which involve the blending of a variety of, control techniques and components to optimize the function of prosthesis.
Hyperextension:Extending the extremity beyond anatomical position.
HypertensionBlood pressure greater than or equal to 140/90 mmHg.
Institutional/Nursing Home/Depot WheelchairThe least expensive type of chair available, an institutional chair, is designed for institutional usage only, such as transporting patients in hospitals or nursing homes. It is not an appropriate alternative for anyone who requires independent movement, as the institutional chair is not fitted for a specific individual. These types of chairs are now also used as rental chairs and by commercial enterprises (such as grocery stores and airports) for temporary use.
Inversion:The inward rotation of the plantar surface, or sole, of the foot so that it faces toward the median, or midline, of the body.
Knee Disarticulation Prosthesis (KDP):A prosthesis utilized for acquired amputations or congenital absences of the foot, ankle and shin at the knee joint level.
Knee Orthosis (KO):A orthosis utilized for the treatment of disorders only involving the knee.
Knee/Ankle/Foot Orthosis (KAFO):A orthosis utilized for the treatment of disorders of the knee, ankle, and foot below the hip joint.
Kyphosis:Exaggerated posterior, or backward, curvature in the thoracic region.
Lateral (External) Rotation:The rotation of a body part away from the median, or midline, of the body. Also referred to as external rotation.
Lifts/Seating SystemPower lift chairs gently move the person to a standing, seated, or reclined position.
Lightweight/Sports WheelchairThe most popular type of wheelchair for everyday use for a person with good upper body mobility is the lightweight manual wheelchair. Lightweight chairs provide maximum independence of movement with a minimum of effort. Many active wheelchair users also prefer the sportier look of the lightweights compared with the more standard-looking everyday chair. It should be noted, however, that heavy or obese persons may be unable to use these types of chairs because the lighter weight of the frame results in a reduced user capacity as compared to standard everyday chairs. Once used primarily by wheelchair athletes, the lightweight chair today is used by people in virtually all walks of life as a preferred mode of assisted mobility. Three-wheeled chairs, also developed for such sports as tennis and basketball, are also an everyday chair alternative.
Liquid Oxygen SystemConsists of a large main tank and one or two portable units. The portable units are used as needed for travel outside of the home. When they are empty, they can be refilled from the large tank. Portable units can be carried with a shoulder strap or cart. Liquid oxygen will evaporate if not used frequently. Therefore the portable units should be filled just prior to use.
Lordosis:Exaggerated anterior, or forward, curvature in the lumbar or cervical regions.
Lumbosacral Orthosis (LSO):A orthosis utilized for the treatment of disorders only involving the lumbosacral spine.
Mastectomy Prosthesis (MP):A prosthesis utilized for complete surgical removal or congenital absence of one or both breasts.
Mechanical Components:Elbow, hand and/or hook components controlled by using shoulder and arm movements harnessed within a bowden cable control system for the actuation and movement of the components utilized in the design of the prostheses.
Medial (Internal) Rotation:The rotation of a body part toward the median, or midline, of the body. Also referred to as internal rotation.
Median Plane:The vertical plane that divides the body into right and left halves.
Metal & Leather Orthoses:Orthoses fabricated of metal and leather as the primary materials in the design of the device.
Molded Plastic & Metal Orthoses:Orthoses fabricated of either thermoplastic or thermoset resin plastics and metal joints as the primary materials in the design of the device.
Molded Plastic Orthoses:Orthoses fabricated of either thermoplastic or thermoset resin plastics as the primary material in design of the device.
Monoplegia:Paralysis of any one extremity.
Multiple SclerosisA chronic, potentially debilitating disease that affects your brain and spinal cord (central nervous system). The illness is probably an autoimmune disease, which means your immune system responds as if part of your body is a foreign substance.In MS, your body directs antibodies and white blood cells against proteins in the myelin sheath surrounding nerves in your brain and spinal cord. This causes inflammation and injury to the sheath and ultimately to your nerves. The result may be multiple areas of scarring (sclerosis). The damage slows or blocks muscle coordination, visual sensation, and other nerve signals.The disease varies in severity, ranging from a mild illness to one that results in permanent disability. Treatments can modify the course of the disease and relieve symptoms.An estimated 400,000 Americans have MS. It generally first occurs in people between the ages of 20 and 50. The disease is twice as common in women as in men.
Muscular Dystrophy (MS)A group of rare inherited muscle diseases in which muscle fibers are unusually susceptible to damage. Muscles, primarily your voluntary muscles, become progressively weaker. In the late stages of muscular dystrophy, fat and connective tissue often replace muscle fibers. In some types of muscular dystrophy, heart muscles, other involuntary muscles and other organs are affected. There are many forms of muscular dystrophy, some noticeable at birth (congenital muscular dystrophy), others in adolescence (Becker MD), but the 3 most common types are Duchenne, facioscapulohumeral, and myotonic. The various types of the disease affect more than 50,000 Americans. There’s no cure, but medications and therapy can slow the course of the disease.
Muscular Dystrophy:A hereditary disease involving progressive destruction of the skeletal and cardiac muscles.
Musculoskeletal:Pertains to the muscles and skeleton.
Myoelectric Control:A prosthetic control technique which utilizes skin surface EMG muscle potentials for the actuation and movement of an electric powered prosthetic component.
NebulizerA type of inhaler that provides a fine mist of medication to the lungs. This is performed by breathing the medicated mist through a mouthpiece or mask attached to the nebulizer device, which is driven via a plastic tubing, attached to the compressor unit. The medications used in nebulizers help you by loosening the mucus in the lungs so it can be coughed out more easily, and by relaxing the airways so that more air can move in and out of the lungs. Nebulizer treatments take approximately 15 minutes to deliver the medication and are prescribed by your physician.
Necrosis:Cellular or tissue death within the living body, such as with gangrene.
Negative Pressure Wound TherapyAlso known as wound V.A.C therapy, this device uses negative pressure through a controlled suction to close large wounds and promote faster healing. This patented, FDA-approved device is composed of a sophisticated pump, hoses, and monitoring system held within a portable compact case weighing less than 20 pounds. It is recognized as an advanced line therapy alternative for patients when traditional dressing changes are not effective. It is a method that is considered among recovering patients in hospitals, nursing homes, and other home health care settings. It meets the needs of most cost-effective modalities and an estimated 5 million American patients suffering from chronic or acute wounds.
Orthosis:Custom designed and/or fitted anatomical devices applied externally on the human body which are intended to provide support and/or control of disorders associated with neuromuscular and/or musculoskeletal dysfunctions.
Orthotics:The practice and science of providing orthotic rehabilitation engineering services related to the assessment, design and development of external assistive, supportive, and/or corrective anatomical devices, referred to as orthoses, for the purpose of restoring specific neuromuscular and/or musculoskeletal disorders of the human body.
Orthotist:An allied health practitioner specifically trained in providing orthotic services at the direction of, and in consultation with, a licensed practicing physician.
OsteoporosisA disease in which the density and quality of bone are reduced, leading to weakness of the skeleton and increased risk of fracture, particularly of the spine, wrist, hip, pelvis, and upper arm. Osteoporosis and associated fractures are an important cause of mortality and morbidity.In many affected people, bone loss is gradual and without warning signs until the disease is advanced. Osteoporosis is also known as “the silent crippler” because a person usually doesn’t know they have it until it’s too late. Unfortunately, in many cases, the first real “symptom” is a broken bone. Loss of height – with gradual curvature of the back (caused by vertebral compression fractures) may be the only physical sign of osteoporosis.In the United States, osteoporosis causes more than 1.5 million fractures every year — most of them in the spine, hip, or wrist. And although it’s often thought of as a women’s disease, osteoporosis affects many men as well. About 8 million American women and 2 million American men have osteoporosis, and nearly 18 million more Americans may have low bone density. Even children aren’t immune.
Ostomy SuppliesPouching systems may include a one-piece or two-piece system. Both kinds include a faceplate/flange (barrier or wafer) and a collection pouch. The pouch (one-piece or two-piece) attaches to the abdomen by the faceplate/flange and is fitted over and around the stoma to collect the diverted output, either stool or urine. The barrier is designed to protect the skin from the stoma output and to be as neutral to the skin as possible.
Oxygen ConcentratorElectronically powered device with a series of filters that extract oxygen from room air. Also, a backup system, usually a stationary compressed gas system must always accompany a concentrator in case of power failure or other emergency. Regular household current is sufficient for its use. In limited cases, a humidifier bottle may be necessary to increase moisture to the oxygen as it passes through the tubing to the mask or cannula.Common Diagnoses:
- Chronic Obstructive pulmonary diseases (COPD)
- Emphysema
- Asthma
- Chronic Bronchitis
- Lung Cancer
- Acute Myocardial Infarction
- Acute Pulmonary Heart Disease
- Congestive Heart Failure
- Viral Pneumonia
- Bacterial Pneumonia
- Bronchlectasis
Oxygen ConserverA type of regulator, which conserves the amount of gaseous oxygen in portable cylinders. Oximetry testing is required to ensure proper oxygen saturation during use of a conserver.
Palmar (Volar) Flexion:Bending the wrist so the palmar surface of the hand points toward the forearm
Palmar (Volar) Surface:The front, or palm, of the hand. Also referred to as the volar surface.
Paralysis:Complete loss of the ability to control muscular activity in various locations.
Paraplegia:Paralysis of one-half of the body, specifically the lower portion of the trunk and both lower extremities.
Parkinson’s DiseaseParkinson’s disease belongs to a group of conditions called movement disorders. It is both chronic, meaning it persists over a long period of time, and progressive, meaning its symptoms grow worse over time.Parkinson’s disease occurs when a group of cells, in an area of the brain called the substantia nigra, that produce a chemical called dopamine begin to malfunction and eventually die. Dopamine is a neurotransmitter, or chemical messenger, that transports signals to the parts of the brain that control movement initiation and coordination. When Parkinson’s disease occurs, for unexplained reasons, these cells begin to die at a faster rate and the amount of dopamine produced in the brain decreases.Four Primary Symptoms:
- Tremor of the hands, arms, legs, jaw, and face
- Rigidity or stiffness of the limbs and trunk
- Bradykinesia or slowness of movement
- Postural instability or impaired balance and coordination
Partial Foot Prosthesis (PFP):A prosthesis utilized for acquired amputations or congenital absences of the foot and/or toes below the ankle.
Partial Hand Prosthesis (PHP):A prosthesis utilized for acquired amputations or congenital absences of the hand and/or fingers below the wrist.
Partial Mastectomy Prosthesis (PMP):For partial surgical removal or congenital absence of the breast.
Passive Control:Prostheses controlled by using pre-positioning of a manually operated friction, free motion, or locking type joint for the actuation and movement of a mechanical prosthetic component.
Passive/Mechanical Components: Mechanical shoulder, elbow wrist, hand and/or hook components with friction or positive locking joints controlled by manual positioning and/or static positioning for functional or semi-functional use of the components utilized in the design of the prostheses.
Patient Lifts
For assistance with patient transferring. Lift/commode is an FDA registered medical device, ideal for people with musculoskeletal or neuromuscular limitations. It is motorized and designed to operate as a lift system and as an adjustable-height commode. It can be used as a bedside commode (helps reduce bedpan use) or as a transfer system to move a person from a bed to a seated or standing position.
Pediatric Nebulizer
A special breathing device usually used 3 or 4 times daily as needed; or as directed by your doctor. It works in the lungs by opening breathing passages to make breathing easier. This device is intended for use in children but may also be used for adults requiring smaller doses.
Pedorthics: The practice and science of providing pedorthic rehabilitation engineering services related to the design, manufacture, modification and fit of shoes and foot orthoses to alleviate foot problems caused by disease, congenital defect, overuse or injury.
Pedorthist: An allied health practitioner specifically trained in providing pedorthic services at the direction of, and in consultation with, a licensed practicing physician.
Pes (Talipes) Valgus: An acquired deformity where the weight is borne on the inner border of the foot and the sole is turned outward. Also referred to as talipes valgus.
Pes (Talipes) Varus: A deformity in which the weight is borne on the outer border of the foot and the sole of the foot is turned inward. Also referred to as talipes varus.
Pes Calcaneus: Present when the ankle is dorsiflexed and the toes are elevated. This causes the weight to be borne primarily on the heel.
Pes Cavus: The exaggerated height of the longitudinal arch of the foot.
Pes Equinus: Present when the ankle is plantar flexed and the heel is elevated. This causes the weight to be borne primarily on the toes.
Pes Planus (Planovalgus): Commonly known as flatfoot, the foot looks flat and is almost always bent out-ward. Also referred to as planovalgus.
Phototherapy
Also known as a bili light, used to help infants with jaundice, a yellow coloring of the skin and eyes related to abnormal liver function.
Plantar Flexion:Bending the ankle so the foot points downward.
Plantar Surface:The bottom, or sole, of the foot.
Portable E-TankPortable smaller units called E tanks are used for transport. A key is required to turn the tank on and off. The portable tanks must be replaced when empty. Therefore, the family must plan ahead for trips outside of the home. Portable E tanks may be used for backup in case of power failure.
Portable Lifting CushionProvide that extra lift needed to help you get in and out of any armchair on your own by shifting your weight forward and pushing off gently with your arms and/or legs. The pneumatic lift will help to gently raise you up to an almost standing position. The cushion is portable and weighs approximately 9 pounds and flattens quickly for easy transport.
Portable Oxygen SystemIncorporate either the electronic conserving device, the pneumatic conserving device, or standard flow regulators. These systems provide individuals with a convenient, lightweight supply of oxygen. Systems are available with one or multiple M4, M6, M9, MD, or ME cylinders, fiber-wrapped cylinders, shoulder, horizontal, backpack, or fanny pack style carrying bags, cart, regulator, cannula, and supply tubing. All systems are also available with a straight post valve, handtight or a toggle CGA870 valve.
Position Servo Pull-Switch Control:A single linear type pull-switch used for actuation of two opposing functions of an electric powered component allowing proportional control of speed, force and positioning.
PosteriorThe back of the body.
Posterior:The back of the body.
Powered WheelchairA powered wheelchair must be selected carefully in order to ensure it not only meets the needs of the individual who will use it but also represents good value for the money being invested in it. Physical considerations include posture, strength, sensation, visual acuity and perception, and the ability to learn how to use the wheelchair safely. A functional evaluation should include actual use of the wheelchair in everyday settings; an evaluation of the individual’s ability to get in and out of the wheelchair; and the ability to perform needed activities from the wheelchair. Transportation to and from various settings also is an important consideration: Is a van available to transport the individual in the chair, or is it necessary for the chair to fold or disassemble in order to be carried in an automobile trunk?
Powered Wheelchair ArmrestArmrests also come in several styles or with a combination of features. They may be full- or desk-length, or wraparound, and they may be fixed, removable, pivoting, and/or adjustable height.
Powered Wheelchair BatteryA determining factor in the range and power of a powered chair. Generally, the larger the chair’s batteries, the greater the power and the longer the chair’s range between charges. Many chairs require two rechargeable 12-volt batteries. Most wheelchairs utilize U1, group 22 or 24 batteries, although other batteries are also used. More manufacturers are designing chairs around the group 24 battery because it affords a longer range. The type of battery required is also an important consideration in terms of safety, maintenance, and transport. Powered chairs may utilize lead acid, gel cell, or sealed wet batteries. Gel cell batteries require the least maintenance and have less danger of leaking than do the other battery types. Gel cell batteries are also required by a number of airlines when transporting powered chairs.
Powered Wheelchair BrakesMost powered chairs utilize a dynamic braking system in which the motor and brakes work together to slow and stop the chair when the joystick or other controller is released, and which automatically engages the brakes when the power is off or when the chair is not being powered in a forward or reverse motion with the controller.
Powered Wheelchair ControlsPowered chairs generally include as a standard feature a manually controlled joystick to regulate the chair’s speed and direction. However, most manufacturers offer customized control options to accommodate the varied abilities of the user, including sip-n-puff systems, head and chin switches, push-button controls, trackballs, and tillers. Many chairs also have programmable control features which allow the user or a dealer to adjust or set the chair’s speed and control limits as the user’s abilities change.
Powered Wheelchair Drive SystemThe means by which power is delivered to the chair’s wheels. Standard drive systems include gear drive, direct drive, and belt drive. The type of drive system affects the power available to propel the chair and the amount and type of maintenance the chair requires.
Powered Wheelchair FootrestA variety of footrest assemblies are available on both types of wheelchairs. They may be a rigid single unit, 90 degree-90 degree platforms, folding, flip-up, detachable, adjustable length, hemi- height, or have a combination of features.
Powered Wheelchair FrameMany traditional-style models utilize the traditional cross-brace frame which allows the chair to be folded or collapsed for storage and transport once the batteries have been removed. Other traditional models and some power base chairs disassemble for transport. A number of chairs, however, are designed to be transported while carrying the user; consequently, they do not fold or disassemble.
Powered Wheelchair Seating SystemSold separately from the wheelchairs themselves, as seating must be chosen on an individual basis. It is important when selecting a wheelchair or a seating system to ensure that the two components are compatible. Power base chairs, because of their more modular construction, frequently feature customized chair-style seating systems.
Powered Wheelchair Special Power FeaturesPowered chairs may offer specialized powered features to meet the user’s needs, either as customization or options on a standard chair or as a chair designed specifically for a particular purpose. Among the available features are elevating and lowering seats, and reclining and/or tilt-in-space seats. Specialized chairs have the capacity to raise the user to a standing position, to negotiate stairs, or to be used as a lift or in transferring.
Powered Wheelchair UpholsteryFor wheelchairs must withstand daily use in all kinds of weather. Consequently, manufacturers provide a variety of options to users, ranging from cloth to new synthetic fabrics to leather. Many manufacturers also offer a selection of upholstery colors, ranging from black to neon, to allow for individual selection and differing tastes among consumers.
Powered Wheelchair Wheels/TiresPower base chairs typically use four wheels of the same size, usually 8 to 10 inches in diameter. These chairs may have pneumatic, semi-pneumatic, or solid tires.
Pre-Fabricated Orthosis:An Orthosis which is pre-made in general anatomical sizes, ie. small, medium, and large, and are fitted to the effected limb or spine to control mild neuromuscular and/or musculoskeletal disorders, or for the purpose of evaluating the need for a custom designed orthosis.
Pre-Fabricated Prostheses:Prostheses are not pre-made in general anatomical sizes except for a temporary residual limb interface utilized in the design for a preparatory prosthesis.
Pronation:The movement of the forearm so that the hand rests palm down on a surface.
Prosthesis:Custom designed and/or fitted anatomical devices applied externally to the human body for the purpose of restoring congenital and/or acquired neuromuscular and musculoskeletal dysfunctions of the human body associated with the complete or partial absence of a limb.
Prosthetics:The practice and science of providing prosthetic rehabilitation engineering services related to the assessment, design, and development of external assistive, supportive, and/or corrective anatomical devices, referred to as prostheses, for the purpose of restoring neuromuscular and musculoskeletal functions of the human body associated with the congenital and/or acquired absence of a limb.
Prosthetist:An allied health practitioner specifically trained in providing prosthetic services at the direction of, and in consultation with, a licensed practicing physician.
Protraction:The forward movement of a body part such as the shoulder.
Proximal:A structure that is located closer to the attached end of a limb.
Pseudohypertrophic Muscular Dystrophy (Duchenne’sChildhood muscular dystrophy which displays a false athletic-type enlargement created by extensive fatty deposits in the degenerating calf and shoulder; most common type of muscular dystrophy. Also referred to as Duchenne’s Disease.
Pull-Switch Control:Dual micro-switches used for momentary actuation of two functions of an electric powered component with a pulling motion or of multiple functions with multiple switches and components.
Push Button Switch Control:A single micro-switch used for momentary actuation of a single function of an electric powered component with a pushing motion or of multiple functions with multiple switches and components.
Quadriplegia (Tetraplegia):Paralysis of all four extremities and the trunk. Also referred to as tetraplegia.
RampPortable ramps for wheelchairs and scooters roll up for easy carrying with storage bag. Scooter ramps have side rails and center panels that slide easily into place, locking securely to provide a solid drive surface. Suitcase ramps are convenient and compact, fold up easily and have a built-in carrying handle. Telescopic channel ramps each extend to be used on steps, vans, or curbs. For storage, simply pick up each rail and depress the guide buttons to collapse. Chair lifts allow you to lift and carry your power chair fully assembled.
Referral Sources:Those individuals or organizations qualified to refer a patient for orthotic/prosthetic treatment.
Residual Limb:The portion of the limb remaining after amputation.
Retraction:The backward movement of a body part such as the shoulder.
Rocker Switch Control:Dual micro-switches used for momentary actuation of two functions of an electric powered component with a rocker motion or of multiple functions with multiple switches and components.
Rotation:A circular or turning movement of a body part, such as the back or head, around its axis.
Sacral Orthosis (SO):A orthosis utilized for the treatment of disorders only involving the sacrum.
Scapular-Thoracic Prosthesis (STP):A prosthesis utilized for acquired amputations or congenital absences of the complete arm involving the hand, forearm, elbow, upper arm, shoulder through the scapular-thoracic juncture.
Scoliosis:Lateral, or outward, curvature of the spine in the thoracic and/or lumbar regions.
ScooterTypically, scooter users have some ability to walk, but are limited in distance or stamina–stroke survivors or people with milder forms of cerebral palsy, multiple sclerosis, post-polio syndrome, arthritis, and cardiac conditions, among others. Scooters are used to increase and extend the range of personal mobility and help conserve energy. Scooter users often have difficulty propelling manual wheelchairs, but do not require the sophisticated electronic controls and seating systems common in powered wheelchairs.A number of other physical factors must also be evaluated when determining whether a scooter is an appropriate mobility aid. A scooter user generally must be able to sit upright for extended periods and have sufficient seated balance to maintain an erect posture. Further, sufficient upper body and arm strength to master the controls and steer and maneuver the unit are required. In addition, uncorrected vision disabilities, or conditions which may cause confusion or memory loss or which inhibit proper safety awareness may render a scooter an unsatisfactory mobility aid.
Scooter AccessoriesIn addition to the standard features common to all scooters discussed above, manufacturers offer a variety of standard features and optional accessories. Most scooters are equipped with a key lock for turning the scooter on and off, thus conserving battery life and preventing unauthorized use; a battery-level indicator and a proportional speed controller to limit maximum speed.A wide range of accessories also are offered on most scooters, such as crutch and cane holders, oxygen carriers, front and rear baskets, trailers, headlights, tail lights, horns, canopies, and others. Some manufacturers even offer sidecars to allow an additional passenger. As when purchasing a car, options and additional features increase the base cost of the unit, but accessories should be evaluated in light of their capacity to create a mobility aid which provides maximum user independence. At the same time, it should be kept in mind that some options may decrease battery life, maneuverability, and/or travel range.
Scooter ArmrestAnother consideration in seating. Some scooters offer armrests only as an option; others offer fixed armrests as standard with flip-up armrests available.
Scooter Base UnitBasically the body of the scooter. Generally it consists of a steel, aluminum, or composite frame with a fiberglass or composite floor to support the feet and batteries. Some scooter bases also include a shroud over the front wheel and drive head, creating a dashboard for the unit. The base also includes the wheels and the drive train. In some scooters, the seat post is also part of the base. The base unit is the primary determinant of whether the scooter is designed for indoor or outdoor use, the vehicle’s maneuverability, the size of its wheelbase, its ground clearance, its turning radius, and its overall dimensions.A scooter should not tip easily during sharp turns or on inclines such as curb cuts (if the scooter is designed for outdoor use). Anti-tip wheels should be included as part of the frame to help support and stabilize the scooter. On front-wheel drive units, anti-tips are often located laterally just behind the front wheels because they generally lack the power for steep inclines. Because most rear-wheel drive scooters are intended to negotiate more rugged terrain, they are usually equipped with rear anti-tips to support the scooter on hills. Side anti-tip wheels are sometimes offered as options. It should be noted that lateral anti-tippers may cause difficulties on curb cuts and ramps.On some scooters, the base unit may be comprised of modular units or may otherwise be disassembled for transport and storage. These same features may also allow the scooter to be converted from three- to four-wheeled models and/or from indoor to outdoor use.
Scooter BatteryMost scooters utilize 12- or 24-volt motors and electrical systems generally with one or two 12-volt batteries to power the drive train and controls. Twelve-volt systems are most frequently found on front-wheel drive scooters, and usually require one 12-volt battery, although two six-volt batteries are sometime used. Some manufacturers offer add-on units for 12-volt systems which allow them to utilize two batteries to extend the scooter’s range between charges, although speed and power are not affected. Rear-wheel drive systems generally require two twelve-volt batteries to power 24-volt systems.These batteries are “deep cycle” batteries intended for wheelchairs and scooters and generally last between 12 and 18 months, although with conservation and regular charging, longer life may be achieved. Deep cycle batteries are designed to provide a steady supply of power and be discharged and recharged on a regular basis. Automotive and marine batteries, on the other hand, are designed to be starter batteries, providing short bursts of power only. Consequently, marine and automotive batteries should never be substituted for deep cycle batteries.There are three basic types available for use with scooters: Lead acid (or wet cell) batteries, sealed lead-acid batteries, and gel cell batteries. Lead acid batteries are the least expensive of the three types, but they also require the most maintenance. In addition to regular charging, electrolyte and water levels must be checked regularly, with water added frequently to maintain appropriate levels. Because these batteries are not sealed, there is danger of acid spillage and explosion if the batteries are not handled properly. Despite these potential problems, lead-acid batteries provide the benefits of a two- to six-month longer battery life and up to a ten percent greater running time than other battery types. Sealed lead acid batteries are maintenance-free versions of these batteries. Because they are sealed in cases, it is unnecessary to add water and the danger of acid spillage is reduced or eliminated. The cases are vented to prevent gas build-up that can lead to an explosion. Finally, gel cell batteries are the most commonly used battery type on scooters. They are sealed in their cases and require no maintenance other than regular charging. Gel cells are the safest of the battery types, with no danger of spillage and limited risk of explosion. However, gel cells are more expensive, and may have a somewhat shorter life than other battery types.
Scooter BrakesMost rear-wheel drive scooters utilize an electronic or electro-mechanical dynamic, regenerative braking system. This type of braking system works in tandem with the motor, first to slow and then stop the vehicle when the pressure is released on the thumb levers or the controls are otherwise disengaged. When the scooter is not being powered forward or in reverse, the brakes are engaged, thus preventing the scooter from moving. During the application of the brakes, excess power from the motor is channeled to the batteries, providing recharging. Because the brakes are engaged when the scooter is being actively powered, most scooters with this braking system are equipped with a clutch on the motor or another release lever to manually disengage the brakes to allow the scooter to be pushed in case of emergency.Some scooters also use disc brakes or disc brakes in combination with the braking system discussed above. Some scooters–usually front-wheel drive models–are not equipped with electronic or electro-mechanical brakes. In the absence of a brake system, a manual parking brake applied by lever to a rear wheel is provided. Manual parking brakes may also be offered either as optional or standard features on other scooters to provide extra braking on hills and inclines.
Scooter Drive Train, Brakes and Power SystemThe drive train is an integral part of the base unit and provides either front- or rear- wheel drive for the scooter. Front-wheel drive is usually found on smaller scooters designed primarily to be used indoors or outdoors on flat, paved surfaces. The motor of the front-wheel drive scooter is located over the front wheel and drives only that wheel. Because of the motor and wheel configuration, front-wheel drive scooters are usually direct-drive units, eliminating chains and belts. However, this also means that the front wheel pulls the weight of the unit and the rider. Consequently, these types of scooters have a lesser capacity to move their load than do rear-wheel drive models, and are therefore less capable of handling hills, curb cuts, and other outdoor terrain. This is compounded by the fact that front-wheel drive models generally have smaller motors, causing them to have a shorter range, less speed and power, and a smaller rider weight capacity.Rear-wheel drive scooters are powered by motors connected to the rear axle, either via a chain, a belt, a transaxle unit, or some combination. Because the scooter is driven by the rear wheels, they push the combined weight of the unit and the rider, rather than pull it. The combined weight of the rider, the motor, and the batteries over the rear wheels, generally create better traction than that usually provided by front-wheel drive models. The increased traction combined with the more powerful motors used on rear-wheel drive scooters results in better climbing ability. The units also have a greater maximum speed, a longer traveling range between battery charges, and a larger rider weight capacity. These scooters have a wider wheel base and a greater overall length, making them less maneuverable and rendering some models unsuitable for indoor use. They may also be too large for van or bus lifts.
Scooter SeatingThe most common seat found on scooters is a chair-style seat similar to those found on boats. The basic seat is molded hard plastic or fiberglass, but most manufacturers offer a padded-seat option, usually with a choice of vinyl or fabric upholstery. Vinyl upholstery is frequently less expensive, but because it is a slipperier surface, it may not be the best choice for those whose disability makes it difficult to maintain position or balance.
Scooter TillerThe control and steering mechanism for the scooter, usually containing the controls to drive the scooter forward or in reverse, as well as steering the front wheel or wheels. Most scooters offer one type of standard tiller with other controllers available as options. Possibilities include thumb levers, loop handles, joysticks, and others. Thumb levers are the most common controls, allowing the user to keep both hands on the handle bars while using the left thumb to power the scooter in reverse and the right to power the scooter forward. The amount of pressure applied to the lever will determine the speed of the vehicle (unless it is equipped with a proportional speed control). Consequently, a fair amount of hand control is necessary for safe operation. Finger control levers or a joystick may be alternatives. Some manufacturers may also be able to adapt controls to user requirements at extra cost.The tiller itself is often an upright post attached to the front wheel. However, it is also becoming common to find flexible, accordion-style tillers which can be adjusted for height and/or position. This not only enables the user to place the tiller in the most comfortable position while driving, but also allows it to be moved up and out of the way during transfers. In the absence of a dashboard or shroud over the front wheel, a control box with the key lock, battery level indicator, speed controller, and other features may be
affixed to the tiller handlebars.Since a joystick controls both speed and direction, scooters equipped with them generally do not have the post-and-handlebar tiller; the joystick is usually attached to an armrest or to an armrest extension, with a choice of right or left mounting. While this frees the space in front of the user and may accommodate easier transitions for some, the lack of handlebars may make transfers more difficult for others.
Scooter Wheels/TiresThe size of the wheels and tires on a scooter have a direct effect on the scooter’s ability to surmount obstacles and its stability. Scooters are generally equipped with six-, eight-, or ten-inch wheels, although other sizes may also be used. Some models use the same size wheels both front and rear, while others may have smaller wheels in front and larger rear wheels. Smaller wheels are generally found on front-wheel drive scooters intended for indoor use. As a rule, the intended use of the scooter should dictate the size of the wheels and tires. The larger the wheels, the more stable the unit. Similarly the larger and wider the tires, the greater the unit’s traction and capacity to manage such obstacles as curb cuts and uneven outdoor terrain.Several types of tires are available for scooters. Manufacturers generally offer a specific tire as standard equipment, with others available as extra-cost options. Pneumatic tires include air-filled tubes and are similar to those found on automobiles. Air pressure should be checked regularly to maintain proper levels, and tires may need to be replaced if punctured. The addition of an anti-flat compound before inflation reduces the risk of tires going flat. They provide good shock absorption when properly inflated. Foam filled tires are similar to pneumatic tires, but include foam inserts rather than air-filled tubes. These tires cannot be deflated and, therefore, require less maintenance. They may be more expensive than pneumatic tires and may not offer a consistently comfortable ride. The least expensive tire option is the solid rubber tire. These tires require the least maintenance, but provide minimal shock absorption and are intended primarily for indoor use.
Shoulder Disarticulation Prosthesis (SDP):A prosthesis utilized for acquired amputations or congenital absences of the complete arm involving the hand, forearm, elbow, and upper arm through the shoulder joint.
Shoulder Orthosis (SO):A orthosis utilized for the treatment of disorders only involving the shoulder.
Shoulder/Elbow/Wrist/Hand Orthosis (SEWHO):A orthosis utilized for the treatment of disorders of the shoulder, elbow, wrist, hand, and/or fingers.
Single Control:A single bowden cable and housing system used for actuation of a single component or control action.
Single Site – Single Functional Control:A single EMG muscle potential site used for proportional or digital actuation of a single function of an electric powered component with a single myoelectric control processor.
Single Site – Two Function Control:A single EMG muscle potential site used for proportional or digital actuation of two opposing functions of an electric powered component with a dual control myoelectric control processor.
Sleep ApneaA chronic medical condition where the affected person repeatedly stops breathing during sleep. These episodes last 10 seconds or more and cause oxygen levels in the blood to drop. It can be caused by obstruction of the upper airway, resulting in Obstructive Sleep Apnea, or by a failure of the brain to initiate a breath, called Central Sleep Apnea. It can cause and worsen other medical conditions, including hypertension, heart failure, and diabetes.
Specialty WheelchairBecause of the diverse needs of wheelchair users, wheelchairs have been designed to accommodate many lifestyles and user needs. Hemi chairs, which are lower to the floor than standard chairs, allow the user to propel the chair using leg strength. Chairs that can be propelled by one hand are available for people who have paralysis on one side. Oversized chairs and chairs designed to accommodate the weight of obese people are also offered. Rugged, specially equipped chairs are available for outdoor activities. Aerodynamic three-wheeled racing chairs are used in marathons and other racing events. Manual chairs that raise the user to a standing position are available for people who need to be able to stand at their jobs, or who want to stand as part of their physical conditioning routine. These and other specialized chair designs generally are manufactured by independent wheelchair manufacturers who are trying to meet the needs of specific target markets.
Spina Bifida:A congenital malformation of the vertebral column. In prenatal life the column fails to develop and close normally, and a portion of the bony spine remains separated in two sections.
Standard/Everyday WheelchairSome wheelchair users still prefer or require a standard wheelchair, which is characterized by a cross-brace frame, built-in or removable arm rests, swing-away footrests, a mid- to high-level back, and push handles to allow non-occupants to propel the chair.
Supination:The movement of the forearm so that the hand rests palm up on a surface.
Switch Control:Prostheses controlled by using shoulder and arm movements for the actuation and movement of an electric powered prosthetic component.
Syme’s Prosthesis (SP):A prosthesis utilized for acquired amputations of the foot and ankle just above the ankle joint.
T.E.N.S. Dual Channel UnitA transcutaneous electro-nerve stimulator; pain control that goes where you do. A small medical device slightly larger than a beeper, attaches to your pants or belt and helps alleviate pain while you wear it.
T.E.N.S. UnitDispensed by doctors to their patients for home use. They operate on a 9v. transistor battery and have small wires and pads that adhere to a painful area and alleviate pain. Tiny free nerve endings secrete a chemical called “substance P” that transmits pain signals to our brain. T.E.N.S. units artificially stimulate free nerve endings, thereby depleting them of substance P, literally stopping the pain signal in its tracks.
Talipes Equinovarus:Commonly known as clubfoot. In this disorder the foot has a small, elevated heel; a broad twisted forefoot; and a curved outer border.
Thoracic/Lumbosacral Orthosis (TLSO):A orthosis utilized for the treatment of disorders involving the thoracic and lumbosacral spine.
Triple Control:Multiple bowden cable and housing systems used for actuation of more than one component or control action.
Triplegia:Paralysis of any three extremities.
Two Site – Five Function Myoelectric Control:he use of dual EMG muscle potential sites used for proportional or digital actuation of five functions of two electric powered hand, elbow and/or wrist components with a multi-functional control multiplex myoelectric processor. One of the five functions is used for mode switching between the two components being controlled.
Two Site – Seven Functional Conrtol:Dual EMG muscle potential sites used for proportional or digital actuation of seven functions of three electric powered hand, elbow and/or wrist components with a multi-functional control multiplex myoelectric processor. One of the seven functions is used for mode switching between the three components being controlled.
Two Site – Two Function Myoelectric Control:The use of dual EMG muscle potential sites used for proportional or digital actuation of two opposing functions of an electric powered component with a dual control myoelectric processor.
Urinary IncontinenceIncontinence is the inability to control the passage of urine. This can range from an occasional leakage of urine to a complete inability to hold any urine. Urinary incontinence affects approximately 13 million people in the United States and is more common in women than in men. It occurs in 10 percent to 25 percent of women younger than age 65 and in 15 percent to 30 percent of women older than age 60 who do not live in nursing homes. Among nursing home residents, incontinence is even more common, affecting more than 50 percent of female patients.
Urinary Pouching SystemUrostomates can use either one or two-piece systems. However, these systems also contain a special valve or spout which adapts to either a leg bag or to a night drain tube connecting to a special drainable bag or bottle.For more information on ostomy and ostomy supplies visit http://www.ostomy.org/Ostomy_Information.html#gen_info and http://www.hollister.com/us/.
Valgus:Deformity of the foot resulting in the outward rotation of the plantar surface, or sole, of the foot so that it faces away from the median, or midline, of the body.
Varus:Deformity of the foot resulting in the inward rotation of the plantar surface, or sole, of the foot so that it faces toward the median, or midline, of the body.
VentilatorAn automatic mechanical/pneumatic device designed to reduce or provide the work required to move gas into and out of the lungs.
WalkerAvailable in a variety of styles to meet individual needs. Folding, adjustable walkers can be easily transported in vehicles. Hemi-walkers allow for one-hand utilization. Wheeled walkers minimize lifting. Many accessories, such as walker trays, baskets or pouches are available.
Wheelchair ArmrestMany lightweight manual chairs are designed to be used without armrests. The absence of armrests makes it easier for the user to roll up to a desk or table, and many active wheelchair users prefer the streamlined look of a chair with no armrests. However, armrests are helpful if the user has difficulty with upper body balance while seated. Armrests come in a variety of styles including desk length (to allow the user closer access to desks and tables) or full length and both types may be flip-up, fixed, or detachable.
Wheelchair BrakesBrakes or wheel locks are available in several different designs, and can be mounted at various heights to maximize convenience to the user.
Wheelchair FootrestUsually are incorporated into the frame of the chair as part of the design. Cross-brace folding chairs often have footrests which swivel, flip up, and/or can be removed.
Wheelchair FrameThe two most common types of frames currently available are rigid frame chairs (where the frame remains in one piece and the wheels are released for storage or travel), and the standard cross-brace frame (which enables the frame to fold for transport or storage).
Wheelchair Seating SystemSold separately from the wheelchairs themselves, as seating must be chosen on an individual basis. It is important when selecting a wheelchair or a seating system to ensure that the two components are compatible.
Wheelchair UpholsteryMust withstand daily use in all kinds of weather. Consequently, manufacturers provide a variety of options to users, ranging from cloth to new synthetic fabrics to leather. Many manufacturers also offer a selection of upholstery colors, ranging from black to neon, to allow for individual selection and differing tastes among consumers.
Wheelchair Wheels/TiresMost wheelchairs use four wheels, with two large wheels at the back and two smaller ones (casters) at the front. The standard tire used for the rear wheels on most wheelchairs is a pneumatic tire, for which the standard size is 24 inches. Smaller and larger sizes, however, also are available. Many manufacturers now also offer other types of tires–such as solid tires, semi-pneumatic, or radial tires–at extra cost. Mag wheels and off-road wheels also are options on some chairs. Casters, too, vary in size (ranging from six to eight inches in diameter) and composition (pneumatic, solid rubber, plastic, or a combination of these).
Wound V.A.C TherapyAlso known as negative pressure wound therapy, this device uses negative pressure through a controlled suction to close large wounds and promote faster healing. This patented, FDA-approved device is composed of a sophisticated pump, hoses, and monitoring system held within a portable compact case weighing less than 20 pounds. It is recognized as an advanced line therapy alternative for patients when traditional dressing changes are not effective. It is a method that is considered among recovering patients in hospitals, nursing homes, and other home health care settings. It meets the needs of most cost-effective modalities and an estimated 5 million American patients suffering from chronic or acute wounds.
Wrist Disarticulation Prosthesis (WDP):A prosthesis utilized for acquired amputations or congenital absences of the hand or forearm through the wrist joint.
Wrist Orthosis (WO):A orthosis utilized for the treatment of disorders only involving the wrist.
Wrist/Hand Orthosis (WHO):A orthosis utilized for the treatment of disorders of the wrist, hand, and/or fingers below the elbow joint.